Description
Beatboxing is a form of vocal percussion which
primarily involves the art of producing drum beats, rhythm, and musical sounds using one's mouth, lips, tongue and voice. It may also involve singing, vocal imitation of turntablism, the simulation of horns, strings, and other musical instruments. Beatboxing today is connected with hip hop culture, being one of "the elements", although it is not limited to hip hop music.
Prehistory
Vocal imitation of percussion sounds has existed for a very long time. Two examples are bol,which originated in India several thousand years ago, and the Chinese Kouji, a type of vocal performing art. These had little or no relation with hip hop, however, and have no direct connection to modern Eastern Hip Hop.
Other vocal imitative styles may have had some influence on the development of hip-hop, although this idea is difficult to prove. Significant examples include scat singing, associated with Jazz music, and puirt a beul, which originated in traditional Scottish music and was incorporated from there into American Roots music and Blues. Jazz, which developed from the blues and other African-American and European musical traditions and originated around the beginning of the 20th century, has also influenced hip hop and has been cited as a precursor of hip hop.
Additional influences may perhaps include forms of African traditional music, in which performers utilize bodies (e.g. by clapping or stomping) as percussion instruments and produce sounds with their mouths by breathing loudly in and out, a technique which is used in beatboxing today.
Origins in hip hop
The term "beatboxing" is derived from the mimicry of the first generation of drum machine, then known as beatboxes. "Human beatboxing" in hip hop originated in 1980s. Its early pioneers include Doug E. Fresh, the self proclaimed first "human beatbox", Swifty, the first to implement the inhale sound technique, Buffy, who helped perfect many beatboxing techniques and Wise, who contributed significantly to beat boxing' proliferation.
Wise inspired a whole new fan base of human beatboxers with his human turntable technique.
Modern beatboxing
Beatboxing's current popularity is due in part to artists such as Rahzel, Kenny Muhammad, and Matisyahu, who have promoted the art form across the world. Websites also contribute substantially toward raising the profile of beatboxing.
Many a cappella singing groups have one or more members using this technique, especially when performing songs which have a heavy percussive element, in order to closely mimic or duplicate the original sound.
One of the modern singers and musicians who started to add his own sounds to his music was Michael Jackson in songs like Billie Jean, Tabloid Junkie, and Who Is It. When speaking about how he composed his songs, Jackson would often demonstrate how he would first beatbox the foundation for a song, which could be a stream of sounds that suddenly occur to him and said that he would record himself beatboxing.
Sometimes, artists will use their hand or another part of their body to extend the spectrum of sound effects and rhythm. Some have developed a technique that involves using their hand to produce very realistic scratching effects, which they use in beatboxing.
An 18-year-old boy from Japan, Daichi, did just that in his video during the Beatbox Battle Wildcard contest on YouTube. Another artist from Belgium cupped his hands to make bird and ocean sound effects in his beatboxing, and so forth.
In 2001, Gavin Tyte developed the first audio and text tutorials on the Internet, then in 2002 he produced the first video tutorials on making beatboxing sounds and rhythms.
In 2002, Humanbeatbox.com went online and quickly became the hub of the online beatbox community.
In 2003, the first International Human Beatbox Convention (Boxcon) was held in London.
Hosted by Alex Tew, Gavin Tyte and Mark Splinter from humanbeatbox.com, beatboxers from all over the world gathered to jam, listen to talks and share tips.
In 2005, the world championship of beatboxing was organised in Leipzig, Germany. The participants came from all over the world, and included Tom Thumb, and Joel Turner (Australia), White Noise (Ireland), RoxorLoops (Belgium), Poizunus (Canada), and Faith SFX (UK).
After several heats of beatbox battles and contests, the final between RoxorLoops (Belgium) and Joel Turner (Australia) was decided. The five judges had a difficult time picking a winner and called for two extra rounds after which Joel Turner won the world championship.
The first UK Beatbox Championships took place in 2005 with Faith SFX taking the national title.
Also in 2005, Beatbox Battle TV was founded September 2005 at the 1st Beatbox Battle World
Championship event by Bee Low, B-Film and Philibox. Today, it has become the largest beatboxing film archive in the world.
In July 2009, The World Beatbox Association (WBA) was founded, and set about organizing the first American, and the first Canadian Beatbox Championships.
Recently, a 2009 beatboxing world championship took place where over 52 beatboxers and many female beatboxers competed for the title. The female British winner Bellatrix (UK), the male Swiss winner, ZeDe (SUI), and the band Under Kontrol (FR) are now the holders of the largest beatboxing title.
The first ever American Beatbox Championships took place in 2010, and took place as the centerpiece of the 2010 International Human Beatbox Convention in Brooklyn, New York.
Notation
As with other musical disciplines, some form of musical notation or transcription may sometimes be useful in order to describe beatbox patterns or performances. Sometimes this takes the form of ad hoc phonetic approximations, but is occasionally more formal.
Standard Beatbox Notation (SBN) was created by Mark Splinter and Gavin Tyte of Humanbeatbox.com in 2006[9] as an alternative to International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) transcription, which had been used sparingly before then.
In 2010 the UK beatboxer Shlomo worked with composer Anna Meredith on a "concerto for beatboxer and orchestra", and developed a simple phonetic notation in order to create a score for the beatboxer .
Freestyle rap commonly refers to rap lyrics which are improvised through a cappella or with instrumental beats, i.e. performed with no previously composed lyrics, or "off the top of the head".
It is similar to other improvisational music such as jazz - Myka 9 of Freestyle Fellowship describes it as being "like a jazz solo" where there is a lead saxophonist acting as the improviser and the rest of the band providing the beat. Rap battles are sometimes improvised in this way.
Originally, in Old School Hip-Hop of the 1980s, the term ‘freestyle’ referred to a pre-written rap verse that was not on any particular subject matter, but rather was written for the purpose of demonstrating skill.
The term is still occasionally used in this way, though the majority of today’s artists use it to mean improvised rapping.
Original definition
In the book How to Rap, Big Daddy Kane and Myka 9 of Freestyle Fellowship note that originally a freestyle was a written rap on no particular subject – Big Daddy Kane says, “in the ’80s when we said we wrote a freestyle rap, that meant that it was a rhyme that you wrote that was free of style… it’s basically a rhyme just bragging about yourself.”
Myka 9 of Freestyle Fellowship adds “back in the day freestyle was bust[ing] a rhyme about any random thing, and it was a written rhyme or something memorized”. Divine Styler says: “in the school I come from, freestyling was a non-conceptual written rhyme… and now they call freestyling off the top of the head, so the era I come from it’s a lot different”.
Kool Moe Dee also refers to this earlier definition in his book, There's A God On The Mic:
"There are two types of freestyle. There’s an old-school freestyle that’s basically rhymes that you’ve written that may not have anything to do with any subject or that goes all over the place. Then there’s freestyle where you come off the top of the head."
In old school hip-hop, Kool Moe Dee says that improvisational rapping was instead called “coming off the top of the head”, and Big Daddy Kane says, "off-the-top-of-the-head [rapping], we just called that "off the dome" — when you don’t write it and [you] say whatever comes to mind”.
Referring to this earlier definition (a written rhyme on non-specific subject matter) Big Daddy Kane says, "that’s really what a freestyle is” and Kool Moe Dee refers to it as “true” freestyle, and “the real old-school freestyle”. Kool Moe Dee suggests that Kool G Rap’s track ‘Men At Work’ is an “excellent example” of “true” freestyle, along with Rakim’s "Lyrics of Fury".
Newer definition
Since the early ‘90s onwards, with the popularization of improvisational rapping from groups/artists such as Freestyle Fellowship through to Eminem’s 8 Mile, ‘freestyle’ has come to be the widely used term for rap lyrics which are improvised on the spot.
This type of freestyle is the focus of Kevin Fitzgerald’s documentary, Freestyle: The Art of Rhyme, where the term is used throughout by numerous artists to mean improvisational rapping.
Kool Moe Dee suggests the change in how the term is used happened somewhere in the mid to late ‘80s, saying, “until 1986, all freestyles were written”, and “before the ‘90s it was about how hard you could come with a written rhyme with no particular subject matter and no real purpose other than showing your lyrical prowess”.
Myka 9 of Freestyle Fellowship explains that Freestyle Fellowship helped redefine the term – “that’s what they say I helped do - I helped get the world to freestyle, me and the Freestyle Fellowship, by inventing the Freestyle Fellowship and by redefining what freestyle is… We have redefined what freestyle is by saying that it’s improvisational rap like a jazz solo”.
Although this kind of freestyling is very well respected today
Kool Moe Dee states that this was not the case previously:
"A lot of the old-school artists didn’t even respect what’s being called freestyle now...
any emcee coming off the top of the head wasn’t really respected. The sentiment was emcees only did that if they couldn’t write. The coming off the top of the head rhymer had a built-in excuse to not be critiqued as hard".